Bibiography

Number of pesticides presently on the market that were registered before being tested to determine if they caused cancer, birth defects or wildlife toxicity: 400

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.38

US EPA Pesticide Registration Progress Report
EPA 738-R-93-001, January 93, pg.1

Number of active ingredients known as possible or probable human carcinogens: 107
Number of these that have been cancelled: 19

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.9

List of Chemicals evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential
Memorandum from Reto Engler, senior science advisor,
Ealth Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, to Ealth Effects Division Chiefs.
US EPA October 1992.

Amount of time it takes to ban a pesticide in the U.S. using present procedures: 10 years

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.38

US EPA Pesticide Registration Progress Report,
EPA 738-R-93-001, January 1993, pg.1

Number of active ingredients in pesticides found to cause cancer in animals or humans: 107
Of those active ingredients, the number still in use today:83

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.3

Number of pesticides that are reproductive toxins according to the California E.P.A.: 15

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.

CA EPA, "Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity"
Office of Environment. Halth Hazzard Assessment.
January 1, 1993.

Number of pesticides found to cause reproductive problems in animals: 14

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.3

% of the total U.S. population supplied with drinking water from groundwater: 50%

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.19

US Geological Survey National Water Summary 1984.
Water Supply Paper 2275, 1985, pg.120.

Number of different pesticides documented by the E.P.A. to be present in groundwater
in 1988: 74
Number of states affected: 32
Most acutely toxic pesticide registered by the E.P.A.: aldicarb (used frequently on cotton)
Number of states in which aldicarb has been detected in the groundwater: 16

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.19

Williams, W. Martin ET AL.
"PESTICIDES IN GROUNDWATER DATABASE".
1988 Interim Report. US EPA Office ofF Pesticide Programs.
December 1998, pg.5.

Percentage of all U.S. counties containing groundwater susceptible to contamination from agricultural pesticides and fertilizers: 46%

After Silent Spring, NRDC, June 1993, pg.20

NIELSEN, Elizabeth and Linda Lee.
"THE MAGNITUDE AND COST OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
FROM AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE"

Staff Report AGES70318, Economic Research SVC.
US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC.
June 1987, pg.19

Number of people in the U.S. routinely drinking water contaminated with carcinogenic herbicides: 14 million
Percentage of municipal water treatment facilities lacking equipment to remove these chemicals from the drinking water: 90%

PESTICIDE NEWS, Pesticide TRUST, December 94, pg.22

"HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION IN US DRINKING WATER"
(Tap Water Blues' Herbicides in drinking water.
Environmental Working Group/Physicians for Social Responsability.
October 18, 1994.

Estimated total costs for U.S. groundwater monitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billion

After Silent Spring, NRDC. June 1993, pg.20

NIELSEN, Elizabeth and Linda Lee.
"THE MAGNITUDE AND COST OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
FROM AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE"

Staff Report AGES70318, Economic Research SVC.
US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC.
June 1987, pg 19

Estimated costs for U.S. groundwater carbon filtration cleanup: up to $25 million per site

After Silent Spring, NRDC.June 1993, pg.20

NIELSEN, Elizabeth and Linda Lee.
"THE MAGNITUDE AND COST OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
FROM AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE"

Staff Report AGES70318, Economic Research SVC.
US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC.
June 1987, pg 32-41

Percentage of all food samples tested by the FDA in 1980 which contained pesticide residues: 38%

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.22

US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. Residues in food-1990.
September/October 1991, pg.16-17

Of the 496 pesticides identified as likely to leave residues in food, the percentage which FDA tests can routinely detect: 40%

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.36

US General Accounting Office
"PESTICIDES: NEED TO ENHANCE FDA'S ABILITY
TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC FROM ILLEGAL RESIDUES".
October 1986, pg.33

Increase in cancer rates between 1950 and 1986: 37%

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.8

CANCER STATISTICS REVIEW
National Cancer Institute. 1973-1986.
May 1989. table 1-12.

Number of Americans who will learn they have cancer this year: 1 million
Number who will die from it: 500,000
Cost to U.S. of cancer in terms of lost production, income, medical expenses and research resources: US$39 billion each year

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.8

National Toxicity Program 6th Annual Report on Carcirogenes
1991,

Highest rate of chemical-related illness of any occupational group in the U.S.A.: farm workers

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.17
US BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Pesticide-related illnesses among farm workers in U.S.A. each year: approximately 300,000

AFTER SILENT SPRING, NRDC. June 1993, pg.16

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment,
Neurotoxicity:
"IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLING POISONS
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM"
OTA Document BA-436,Washington DC. April 1990, pg.285.